Inventions
Two enemies invented the jet engine separately
Frank Whittle in Britain and Hans von Ohain in Germany developed jet engines independently in the 1930s, with neither aware of the other's work.
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Gutenberg's press made books 300 times faster
Before 1440 a scribe needed months to copy one book by hand. Gutenberg's movable-type press could print hundreds of pages a day, and Europe went from a few thousand books to millions within 50 years.
Edison tested over 6,000 materials for one filament
The bulb wasn't a single flash of genius. Edison's team tried thousands of substances, including bamboo, before finding a carbon filament that glowed for more than 1,200 hours.
The telephone patent was filed hours before a rival's
Alexander Graham Bell filed his telephone patent on 14 February 1876, only hours before Elisha Gray filed a caveat for a very similar device. Those few hours shaped the entire telecom industry.
Penicillin was found on a dish left by mistake
Alexander Fleming returned from holiday in 1928 to a contaminated culture plate. The mould killing the bacteria around it became the first true antibiotic and has saved an estimated 200 million lives.
X-rays were discovered by an accidental glow
In 1895 Rontgen noticed a screen glowing across his darkened lab while working with a covered tube. Weeks later he imaged his wife's hand, and medicine could see inside a living body for the first time.
A cloth merchant discovered the microbial world
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ground his own tiny lenses to inspect fabric, then pointed them at pond water in the 1670s and became the first human to see bacteria, which he called animalcules.